Central African Republic Civil War

Central African Republic Civil War
	; Current military situation in Central African Republic (For a detailed map of the current military situation, see here)
Date	10 December 2012 – present; (11 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)
Location	Central African Republic; (with possible spillover into East Region, Cameroon)
Result	Ongoing Séléka rebel coalition takes power from François Bozizé.; Michel Djotodia, the leader of Séléka, becomes president; President Michel Djotodia abolishes Séléka; Low-level fighting between Ex-Séléka factions and Anti-balaka militias.; President Michel Djotodia resigns amid heavy international pressure. Interim government is formed; Elections conducted in 2016 with Faustin-Archange Touadéra becoming the president; De facto split between ex-Séléka factions controlled north and east and Anti-balaka controlled south and west with a Séléka faction declaring the Republic of Logone.; Fighting between Ex-Séléka factions FPRC and UPC.; Ex-president François Bozizé merges all rebel groups and forms the Coalition of Patriots for Change; Elections in 2021 with Faustin-Archange Touadéra being re-elected as president;
Territorial; changes	As of July 2021 the government controls more territory than at any point since the war began.
Belligerents
Central African Republic Central African Armed Forces; MINUSCA (since 2014); Rwanda (since 2020); Russia (since 2018); Wagner Group; Russian Imperial Movement; Black Russians; Formerly: South Africa (2013); MISCA (2013–2014); MICOPAX; (2008–2013) Angola ; Cameroon ; Chad ; Morocco ; Uganda ; Congo-Brazzaville ; DRC ; Gabon ; Burundi ; Equatorial Guinea ; São Tomé and Príncipe ; France (2013–2021) EUFOR RCA; (2014–2015) Estonia ; Finland ; Georgia ; Latvia ; Luxembourg ; Netherlands ; Portugal ; Poland ; Romania ; Spain ; Italy ;	Coalition of Patriots for Change (since 2020) Anti-balaka ; 3R ; UPC ; FPRC ; MPC ; Republic of Logone; PRNC; Lord's Resistance Army; Azande Ani Kpi Gbe (since March 2023) Support: Chad (alleged) ; RSF ; Defunct groups: Séléka (2012–2014) CPJP ; CPSK ; UFDR ; FDPC ; FPR ; RJ (2013–2018); MNLC (2017–2019); MLCJ (2008–2022); RPRC (2014–2022)
Commanders and leaders
Faustin-Archange Touadéra; (since 2016); Catherine Samba-Panza; (2014–2016); François Bozizé; (2012–2013); Parfait Onanga-Anyanga; Emmanuel Macron; (2017–2021); François Hollande; (2013–2017); Jacob Zuma; (2012–2013); Paul Kagame; (since 2020); Vladimir Putin; (since 2018); MINUSCA: Mohammed Shahabuddin; (since 2023) ; Mohammad Abdul Hamid; (2014–23) ; Sheikh Hasina; (since 2014) ; Arif Alvi; (since 2018) ; Mamnoon Hussain; (2014–18) ; Anwaar ul Haq Kakar; (since 2023) ; Shehbaz Sharif; (2022–23) ; Imran Khan; (2018–22) ; Shahid Khaqan Abbasi; (2017–18) ; Nawaz Sharif; (2014–17) ; Abdel Fattah el-Sisi; (since 2014) ; Mostafa Madbouly; (since 2018) ; Sherif Ismail; (2015–18) ; Ibrahim Mahlab; (2014–15) ; Hakainde Hichilema; (since 2021) ; Edgar Lungu; (2015–21) ; Guy Scott; (2014–15) ; Ram Chandra Poudel; (since 2023) ; Bidya Devi Bhandari; (2015–23) ; Ram Baran Yadav; (2014–15) ; Sher Bahadur Deuba; (2021–22, 2017–18) ; KP Sharma Oli; (2015–16, 2018–21) ; Pushpa Kamal Dahal; (2016–17, since 2022) ; Sushil Koirala; (2014–15) ; Mohamed Ould Ghazouani; (since 2019) ; Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz; (2014–19) ; Mohamed Ould Bilal; (since 2020) ; Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya; (2019–20) ; Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir; (2018–19) ; Yahya Ould Hademine; (2014–18) ; Samia Suluhu Hassan; (since 2021) ; John Magufuli; (2015–21) ; Jakaya Kikwete; (2014–15) ; Kassim Majaliwa; (since 2015) ; Mizengo Pinda; (2014–15) ; Joko Widodo; (since 2014) ; Macky Sall; (since 2014) ; Amadou Ba; (since 2022) ; Mahammed Dionne; (2014–19) ; Dina Boluarte; (since 2022) ; Pedro Castillo; (2021–22) ; Francisco Sagasti; (2020–21) ; Manuel Merino; (2020) ; Martín Vizcarra; (2018–20) ; Pedro Pablo Kuczynski; (2016–18) ; Ollanta Humala; (2014–16) ; Alberto Otárola; (since 2022) ; Pedro Angulo Arana; (2022) ; Betssy Chávez; (2022) ; Aníbal Torres; (2022) ; Héctor Valer; (2022) ; Mirtha Vásquez; (2021–22) ; Guido Bellido; (2021) ; Violeta Bermúdez; (2020–21) ; Ántero Flores Aráoz; (2020) ; Walter Martos; (2020) ; Pedro Cateriano; (2015–16, 2020) ; Vicente Zeballos; (2019–20) ; Salvador del Solar; (2019) ; César Villanueva; (2018–19) ; Mercedes Aráoz; (2017–18) ; Fernando Zavala; (2016–17) ; Ana Jara; (2014–15) ; Norodom Sihamoni; (since 2014) ; Hun Manet; (since 2023) ; Hun Sen; (2014–23) ; Kais Saied; (since 2019) ; Mohamed Ennaceur; (2019) ; Beji Caid Essebsi; (2014–19) ; Ahmed Hachani; (since 2023) ; Najla Bouden; (2021–23) ; Hichem Mechichi; (2020–21) ; Elyes Fakhfakh; (2020) ; Youssef Chahed; (2016–20) ; Habib Essid; (2015–16) ; Mehdi Jomaa; (2014–15) ; Ranil Wickremesinghe; (since 2022) ; Gotabaya Rajapaksa; (2019–22) ; Maithripala Sirisena; (2015–19) ; Mahinda Rajapaksa; (2014–15) ; Dinesh Gunawardena; (since 2022) ; D. M. Jayaratne; (2014–15) ; Aleksandar Vučić; (since 2017) ; Tomislav Nikolić; (2014–17) ; Ana Brnabić; (since 2017) ; Ivica Dačić; (2017) ; Alassane Ouattara; (since 2014) ; Robert Beugré Mambé; (since 2023) ; Patrick Achi; (2021–23) ; Hamed Bakayoko; (2020–21) ; Amadou Gon Coulibaly; (2017–20) ; Daniel Kablan Duncan; (2014–17) ; Abdullah II; (since 2014) ; Bisher Al-Khasawneh; (since 2020) ; Omar Razzaz; (2018–20) ; Hani Mulki; (2016–18) ; Abdullah Ensour; (2014–16) ; Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; (since 2014) ; Ahmet Davutoğlu; (2014–16) ; Binali Yıldırım; (2016–18) ; Cevdet Yılmaz; (since 2023) ; Fuat Oktay; (2018–23) ; Ibrahim Traoré; (since 2022) ; Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba; (2022) ; Roch Marc Christian Kaboré; (2015–22) ; Michel Kafando; (2014–15) ; Chérif Sy; (2015) ; Gilbert Diendéré; (2015) ; Yacouba Isaac Zida; (2014) ; Honoré Traoré; (2014) ; Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla; (since 2022) ; Albert Ouédraogo; (2022) ; Lassina Zerbo; (2021–22) ; Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré; (2019–21) ; Paul Kaba Thieba; (2016–19) ; Abdourahamane Tchiani; (since 2023) ; Mohamed Bazoum; (2021–23) ; Mahamadou Issoufou; (2014–21) ; Ali Lamine Zeine; (since 2023) ; Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou; (2021–23) ; Brigi Rafini; (2014–21) ; Patrice Talon; (since 2016) ; Thomas Boni Yayi; (2014–16) ; Lionel Zinsou; (2015–16) ; Faure Gnassingbé; (since 2014) ; Victoire Tomegah Dogbé; (since 2020) ; Komi Sélom Klassou; (2015–20) ; Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu; (2014–15) ; Adama Barrow; (since 2017) ; Yahya Jammeh; (2014–17) ; Assimi Goïta; (since 2021) ; Bah Ndaw; (2020–21) ; Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta; (2014–20) ; Abdoulaye Maïga; (2022) ; Choguel Kokalla Maïga; (since 2021) ; Moctar Ouane; (2020–21) ; Boubou Cissé; (2019–20) ; Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga; (2017–19) ; Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga; (2017) ; Modibo Keita; (2015–17) ; Moussa Mara; (2014–15) ; William Ruto; (since 2022) ; Uhuru Kenyatta; (2014–22) ; Mamady Doumbouya; (since 2021) ; Alpha Condé; (2014–21) ; Bernard Goumou; (since 2022) ; Mohamed Béavogui; (2021–22) ; Ibrahima Kassory Fofana; (2018–21) ; Mamady Youla; (2015–18) ; Mohamed Said Fofana; (2014–15) ; Nana Akufo-Addo; (since 2017) ; John Mahama; (2014–17) ; Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva; (since 2023) ; Jair Bolsonaro; (2019–23) ; Michel Temer; (2016–19) ; Dilma Rousseff; (2014–16) ; Ismaïl Omar Guelleh; (since 2014) ; Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed; (since 2014) ; Bola Tinubu; (since 2023) ; Muhammadu Buhari; (2015–23) ; Goodluck Jonathan; (2014–15) ; Joe Biden; (since 2021) ; Donald Trump; (2017–21) ; Barack Obama; (2014–17) ; Nguyễn Phú Trọng; (since 2014, 2018–21) ; Võ Văn Thưởng; (since 2023) ; Nguyễn Xuân Phúc; (2021–23, 2016–21) ; Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh; (2018) ; Trần Đại Quang; (2016–18) ; Trương Tấn Sang; (2014–16) ; Phạm Minh Chính; (since 2021) ; Nguyễn Tấn Dũng; (2014–16) ; Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck; (since 2014) ; Tshering Tobgay; (since 2024, 2014–18) ; Chogyal Dago Rigdzin; (2023–24) ; Lotay Tshering; (2018–23) ; Tshering Wangchuk; (2018) ; Julius Maada Bio; (since 2018) ; Ernest Bai Koroma; (2014–18) ; David Moinina Sengeh; (since 2023) ; Jacob Jusu Saffa; (2021–23) ; David J. Francis; (2018–21) ; Bernardo Arévalo; (since 2024) ; Alejandro Giammattei; (2020–24) ; Jimmy Morales; (2016–20) ; Alejandro Maldonado; (2015–16) ; Otto Pérez Molina; (2014–15) ; Santiago Peña; (since 2023) ; Mario Abdo Benítez; (2018–23) ; Horacio Cartes; (2014–18) ; Maia Sandu; (since 2020) ; Igor Dodon; (2016–20) ; Nicolae Timofti; (2014–16) ; Dorin Recean; (since 2023) ; Natalia Gavrilița; (2021–23) ; Aureliu Ciocoi; (2020–21) ; Ion Chicu; (2019–20) ; Pavel Filip; (2016–19) ; Gheorghe Brega; (2015–16) ; Valeriu Streleț; (2015) ; Natalia Gherman; (2015) ; Chiril Gaburici; (2015) ; Iurie Leancă; (2014–15) ; Luis Arce; (since 2020) ; Jeanine Áñez; (2019–20) ; Evo Morales; (2014–19) ; Petr Pavel; (since 2023) ; Miloš Zeman; (2014–23) ; Petr Fiala; (since 2021) ; Andrej Babiš; (2017–21) ; Bohuslav Sobotka; (2014–17) ; Luis Lacalle Pou; (since 2020) ; Tabaré Vázquez; (2015–20) ; José Mujica; (2014–15) ; Javier Milei; (since 2023) ; Alberto Fernández; (2019–23) ; Mauricio Macri; (2015–19) ; Cristina Fernández de Kirchner; (2014–15) ; Gustavo Petro; (since 2022) ; Iván Duque; (2018–22) ; Juan Manuel Santos; (2014–18) ; Daniel Noboa; (since 2023) ; Guillermo Lasso; (2021–23) ; Lenín Moreno; (2017–21) ; Rafael Correa; (2014–17) ; Kassym-Jomart Tokayev; (since 2019) ; Nursultan Nazarbayev; (2014–19) ; Älihan Smaiylov; (since 2022) ; Asqar Mamin; (2019–22) ; Bakhytjan Sagintayev; (2016–19) ; Karim Massimov; (2014–16) ; Andrés Manuel López Obrador; (since 2018) ; Enrique Peña Nieto; (2014–18) ; Bongbong Marcos; (since 2022) ; Rodrigo Duterte; (2016–22) ; Benigno Aquino III; (2014–16) ; Carl XVI Gustaf; (since 2014) ; Ulf Kristersson; (since 2022) ; Magdalena Andersson; (2021–22) ; Stefan Löfven; (2014–21) ; Emmerson Mnangagwa; (since 2017) ; Phelekezela Mphoko; (2017) ; Robert Mugabe; (2014–17); EUFOR RCA: Alar Karis; (since 2021) ; Kersti Kaljulaid; (2016–21) ; Toomas Hendrik Ilves; (2014–16) ; Kaja Kallas; (since 2021) ; Jüri Ratas; (2016–21) ; Taavi Rõivas; (2014–16) ; Alexander Stubb; (2014–15 / since 2024) ; Sauli Niinistö; (2014-24) ; Petteri Orpo; (since 2023) ; Sanna Marin; (2019–23) ; Antti Rinne; (2019) ; Juha Sipilä; (2015–19) ; Salome Zourabichvili; (since 2018) ; Giorgi Margvelashvili; (2014–18) ; Irakli Kobakhidze; (since 2024) ; Irakli Garibashvili; (2021–24, 2013–15) ; Maya Tskitishvili; (2021) ; Giorgi Gakharia; (2019–21) ; Mamuka Bakhtadze; (2018–19) ; Giorgi Kvirikashvili; (2015–18) ; Edgars Rinkēvičs; (since 2023) ; Egils Levits; (2019–23) ; Raimonds Vējonis; (2015–19) ; Andris Bērziņš; (2014–15) ; Evika Siliņa; (since 2023) ; Krišjānis Kariņš; (2019–23) ; Māris Kučinskis; (2016–19) ; Laimdota Straujuma; (2014–16) ; Henri; (since 2014) ; Luc Frieden; (since 2023) ; Xavier Bettel; (2014–23) ; Willem-Alexander; (since 2014) ; Mark Rutte; (since 2014) ; Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa; (since 2016) ; Aníbal Cavaco Silva; (2014–16) ; António Costa; (since 2015) ; Pedro Passos Coelho; (2014–15) ; Andrzej Duda; (since 2015) ; Bronisław Komorowski; (2014–15) ; Donald Tusk; (since 2023) ; Mateusz Morawiecki; (2017–23) ; Beata Szydło; (2015–17) ; Ewa Kopacz; (2014–15) ; Klaus Iohannis; (since 2014) ; Marcel Ciolacu; (since 2023) ; Cătălin Predoiu; (2023) ; Nicolae Ciucă; (2021–23) ; Florin Cîțu; (2020–21) ; Ludovic Orban; (2019–20) ; Viorica Dăncilă; (2018–19) ; Mihai Tudose; (2017–18) ; Sorin Grindeanu; (2017) ; Dacian Cioloș; (2015–17) ; Victor Ponta; (2014–15) ; Felipe VI; (since 2014) ; Pedro Sánchez; (since 2018) ; Mariano Rajoy; (2014–18) ; Sergio Mattarella; (since 2015) ; Giorgio Napolitano; (2014–15) ; Giorgia Meloni; (since 2022) ; Mario Draghi; (2021–22) ; Giuseppe Conte; (2018–21) ; Paolo Gentiloni; (2016–18) ; Matteo Renzi; (2014–16); MICOPAX: João Lourenço; (since 2017) ; José Eduardo dos Santos; (2013–17) ; Paul Biya; (since 2013) ; Joseph Ngute; (since 2019) ; Philémon Yang; (2013–19) ; Mahamat Déby Itno; (since 2021) ; Idriss Déby †; (2013–16, 2016–21) ; Succès Masra; (since 2024) ; Saleh Kebzabo; (2022–24) ; Albert Pahimi Padacké; (2021–22, 2016–18) ; Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet; (2013–16) ; Denis Sassou Nguesso; (since 2013) ; Anatole Collinet Makosso; (since 2021) ; Clément Mouamba; (2016–21) ; Félix Tshisekedi; (since 2019) ; Joseph Kabila; (2013–19) ; Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde; (since 2021) ; Sylvestre Ilunga; (2019–21) ; Bruno Tshibala; (2017–19) ; Samy Badibanga; (2016–17) ; Matata Ponyo Mapon; (2013–16) ; Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema; (since 2023) ; Ali Bongo Ondimba; (2013–23) ; Raymond Ndong Sima; (2013–14, since 2023) ; Alain Claude Bilie By Nze; (2023) ; Rose Christiane Raponda; (2020–23) ; Julien Nkoghe Bekale; (2019–20) ; Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet; (2016–19) ; Daniel Ona Ondo; (2014–16) ; Évariste Ndayishimiye; (since 2020) ; Pierre Nkurunziza; (2013–20) ; Gervais Ndirakobuca; (since 2022) ; Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni; (2020–22) ; Carlos Vila Nova; (since 2021) ; Evaristo Carvalho; (2016–21) ; Manuel Pinto da Costa; (2013–16) ; Jorge Bom Jesus; (2018–22) ; Patrice Trovoada; (since 2022, 2014–18) ; Gabriel Costa; (2013–14)) ; Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo; (since 2013) ; Manuela Roka Botey; (since 2023) ; Francisco Pascual Obama Asue; (2016–23) ; Vicente Ehate Tomi; (2013–16) ; Yoweri Museveni; (since 2013) ; Robinah Nabbanja; (since 2021) ; Ruhakana Rugunda; (2014–21) ; Amama Mbabazi; (2013–14) ; Mohammed VI; (since 2013) ; Aziz Akhannouch; (since 2021) ; Saadeddine Othmani; (2017–21) ; Abdelilah Benkirane; (2013–17);	François Bozizé (since 2020); Noureddine Adam (FPRC); Ali Darassa (UPC); Mahamat al-Khatim (MPC); Sembé Bobbo (3R); Bernard Bonda (Anti-balaka); Igor Lamaka (Anti-balaka); Joseph Kony (LRA); Former commanders:; Damane Zakaria (RPRC) †; Michel Djotodia (2013–2014); Joseph Zoundeiko †; Sidiki Abass (3R) †; Maxime Mokom (AB) ; Dieudonné Ndomaté (AB) ; Patrice Edouard Ngaissona (AB) ; Toumou Deya Gilbert (MLCJ) See full list: List of warlords in the Central African Republic
Strength
11,000 (2022)[citation needed]; MINUSCA: 15,760 (2022); Wagner Group: 1,200 (2022) ; Black Russians: 3,000+ ; Formerly: 2,000; 200; ECCAS: 3,500+ peacekeepers	20,000+ (self-claim, 2022); 3,000 (Séléka claim, 2015); 1,000–2,000 (other estimates, 2014)
Casualties and losses
Unknown; 147 killed; 15 soldiers killed; 3 soldiers killed	500+ rebel casualties (Bangui only, South African claim)
	Civilian casualties:; Unknown number killed or wounded; 200,000 internally displaced; 20,000 refugees (1 Aug 2013); 700,000 internally displaced; +288,000 refugees (Feb 2014) ; Total: Thousands killed ; 13,594+ killed (Oct 2022)

The Central African Republic Civil War is an ongoing civil war in the Central African Republic (CAR) involving the government, rebels from the Séléka coalition, and Anti-balaka militias.

In the preceding Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007), the government of President François Bozizé fought with rebels until a peace agreement in 2007. The current conflict arose when a new coalition of varied rebel groups, known as Séléka, accused the government of failing to abide by the peace agreements,^[32] captured many towns in 2012 and seized the capital in 2013.^[33] Bozizé fled the country,^[34] and the rebel leader Michel Djotodia declared himself President.^[35] Renewed fighting began between Séléka and militias opposed to them called Anti-balaka.^[36] In September 2013, President Djotodia disbanded the Séléka coalition, which had lost its unity after taking power, and resigned in 2014.^[37]^[38] He was replaced by Catherine Samba-Panza,^[39] but the conflict continued.^[40] In July 2014, ex-Séléka factions and Anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement.^[41] By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the Anti-Balaka controlling the south and west, from which most Muslims had evacuated, and ex-Séléka groups controlling the north and east.^[42] Faustin-Archange Touadéra, who was elected president in 2016, ran and won the 2020 election, which triggered the main rebel factions to form an alliance opposed to the election called the Coalition of Patriots for Change, which was coordinated by former President Bozizé.^[43] Peacekeeping largely transitioned from the ECCAS led MICOPAX to the African Union led MISCA to the United Nations led MINUSCA, while the French peacekeeping mission was known as Operation Sangaris.

Much of the tension is over religious identity between Muslim Séléka fighters and Christian Anti-balaka, and ethnic differences among ex-Séléka factions, and historical antagonism between agriculturalists, who largely comprise Anti-balaka, and nomadic groups, who constitute most Séléka fighters.^[44] Other contributing factors include the struggle for control of diamonds and other resources in the resource-rich country and for influence among regional powers such as Chad, Sudan and Rwanda and international powers such as France and Russia. More than 1.1 million people have fled their homes in a country of about 5 million people, the highest ever recorded in the country.^[45]

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[teadec2220202-1] Rwanda deploys troops to CAR under bilateral arrangement Archived 4 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The East African, 22 Dec 2020. Accessed 28 Dec 2020.

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Part of a series on the
History of the Central African Republic

Early history Kanem Empire c. 700–1380 Trans-Saharan slave trade c. 1500–1600 Sultanate of Bagirmi 1522–1897 Wadai Empire 1635–1909
Colonial period French Equatorial Africa French Congo 1882–1910 French Chad 1900–1960 Ubangi-Shari 1903–1958 French Cameroon 1918–1960 Decolonization Kongo-Wara rebellion 1928–1931 Brazzaville Conference 1944–0000 African Democratic Rally 1946–1958
Independence Bokassa period 1966–1979 Bokassa coup d'état 1966–0000 Central African Empire 1976–1979 Coronation of Bokassa I 1977–0000 Emperor of Central Africa Operation Caban 1979–0000 Operation Barracuda 1979–1981 Kolingba coup d'état 1981–0000 Patassé coup attempt 1982–0000
Current period General election 1993–0000 Heightened tensions 1993–1998 Bangui Peace Accords 1997–0000 United Nations Mission 1998–0000 Bush War 2004–2007 Kolingba coup attempt 2001–0000 Bozizé coup d'état 2003–0000 Civil War 2012–0000 Conflict under Djotodia 2013–2014 Fall of Bangui 2013–0000
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